About Academia Open is published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo published 2 (two) issues per year (June and December). This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. This journal aims is to provide a place for academics and practitioners to publish original research and review articles. The articles basically contains any topics research or review. Academia Open is available in online version. Language used in this journal is Indonesia or English. Article Processing Charge ACOPEN is an open access international journal. Since manuscript submission for Volume 10 number 1 June 2025, author(s) pay some processing fees IDR 850.000. The APC should be paid in 3 days max after the acceptance of manuscript. Accredited "S3" by the Ministry of Research-Technology and Higher Education Republic of Indonesia ACOPEN Officially Recognized by the Supreme Attestation Commission of Uzbekistan Abbreviation ACADEMIA OPEN (ACOPEN) DOI prefix 10.21070 by Citation Analysis SCOPUS | Web of Science | Dimension Index Services Google Scholar | Complete List ISSN (online) 2174-7444 Publisher Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo Editor in Chief Mochammad Tanzil Multazam Managing Editor Bobur Sobirov Frequency 2 (two) issues per year (June and December)
Advanced Foreign Practices in the Use of Transport Services for Regional Economic Development
General background: Transport systems serve as fundamental components in regional economic development, directly influencing interregional relations, production growth, and investment climate improvement. Specific background: Advanced countries employ digital logistics platforms, public-private partnerships, and green transport strategies to enhance economic efficiency, yet developing nations struggle to adapt these innovations systematically. Knowledge gap: Limited empirical analysis exists on how integrated transport service models—combining digitalization, PPP mechanisms, and sustainable policies—can be strategically applied to accelerate regional economic growth in emerging markets like Uzbekistan. Aims: This study examines foreign transport practices to identify effective organizational and economic mechanisms for regional development, analyzing reforms in aviation, motor transport, and digital service implementation. Results: Comparative analysis reveals that Germany's Smart Logistics increased efficiency by 25%, South Korea's PPP model reduced budget burdens by 30%, and China's Belt and Road Initiative expanded regional trade by 40%. Uzbekistan's freight volumes grew from 650 million tons (2020) to 703.6 million tons (2024), with service value rising from 75 to 108.4 trillion UZS. Novelty: The research provides integrated assessment of digital transformation, multimodal corridor development, and green mobility strategies specifically contextualized for transitional economies. Implications: Findings establish strategic directions for implementing intelligent transport systems, expanding PPP infrastructure, and strengthening regional integration to achieve sustainable economic growth. Highlight : Digital transformation improves efficiency by 25% and reduces logistics costs through AI-based management and intelligent transport systems. Public-private partnerships enable infrastructure financing with 1:1.7 investment multiplier effect while reducing state budget burden by 30%. Multimodal integration drives regional trade growth by 40% and reduces carbon emissions by 12-14% through sustainable transport policies. Keywords : Transport Infrastructure, Regional Development, Logistics Optimization, Public-Private Partnership, Sustainable Mobility
Copyright (c) 2025 Karimova Shakhnoza Uktamovna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Determining Pharmaceutical Product Costs: Scientific and Practical Issues in Uzbekistan
This study addresses the scientific and practical challenges of determining finished product costs in pharmaceutical enterprises operating in the Republic of Uzbekistan, a critical issue in the context of economic reforms, stricter state regulation of drug pricing, and the ongoing transition to International Financial Reporting Standards that demand modern cost accounting systems. The research aims to identify deficiencies in current cost determination practices and propose improved methodologies tailored to the unique technological, regulatory, and organizational characteristics of pharmaceutical firms. Employing analytical, comparative, and monographic methods, the study examines actual accounting records and internal management reports from pharmaceutical enterprises, with particular attention to cost allocation across supply, production, laboratory testing, and packaging processes, and compares cost structures between imported and domestically manufactured products. Results reveal that material costs dominate the cost structure at approximately 50 percent, while wages and depreciation together account for nearly 30 percent; however, existing reporting practices fail to adequately disclose the distribution of indirect costs across production stages, limiting managerial control effectiveness. The novelty of this research lies in developing context-specific definitions for pharmaceutical business processes and proposing enhanced reporting formats that improve cost transparency and align with international standards. These findings have significant implications for strengthening management decision-making capabilities, improving financial reporting quality, and facilitating compliance with International Financial Reporting Standards in Uzbekistan's pharmaceutical sector. Keywords : Pharmaceutical Costing, Cost Allocation Methods, Financial Reporting Transparency, Indirect Cost Distribution, International Accounting Standards, Production Cost Structure Highlight : Material costs dominate pharmaceutical product costs, averaging 50 percent of total expenses. Current reporting inadequately discloses indirect cost allocation across production stages and functions. Study introduces simplified definitions and enhanced formats improving cost transparency and managerial control.
Copyright (c) 2025 Khudaynazarova Dilnoza Gafurovna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital Transformation and ICT Development in Uzbekistan's Digital Economy
This study examines the development trajectory of information and communication technologies (ICT) and their role in establishing the digital economy in the Republic of Uzbekistan during the transformative period of 2015-2024, a critical phase marked by systematic digital transformation initiatives under national strategic frameworks. The research aims to assess the effectiveness of ICT infrastructure development and digital service integration across economic sectors in Uzbekistan's transition toward a digitally-driven economy. Employing comparative economic analysis, systems approach, and observation methods, the study analyzes comprehensive statistical data from the International Telecommunication Union, Open Data Portal of Uzbekistan, and governmental reports, examining key indicators including internet penetration rates, broadband subscriptions, fiber-optic network expansion, mobile internet coverage, and e-government service adoption across banking, industry, agriculture, and education sectors. Empirical findings reveal substantial growth in internet users from 43.6% to 85%, broadband subscribers increasing from 5.2 million to 23 million, fiber-optic networks expanding from 16,000 km to 100,000 km, and electronic public services rising from limited availability to 595 services by 2024, with sector-specific ICT penetration reaching 85% in banking and finance. The novelty lies in providing systematic longitudinal evidence of digital transformation outcomes under the "Digital Uzbekistan-2030" strategy implementation, demonstrating accelerated digitalization post-2020. The findings offer significant implications for policymakers in developing economies pursuing digital transformation, confirming that coordinated state-level ICT infrastructure investments and e-government initiatives effectively establish foundational conditions for sustainable digital economic development and enhanced international competitiveness Keywords : Digital Economy, Information And Communication Technologies, ICT Infrastructure, E-Government Services, Digital Transformation, Broadband Penetration Highlight : Internet users increased from 43.6% (2015) to 85% (2024) in Uzbekistan Electronic government services expanded from limited offerings to 595 services by 2024 Banking sector digitalization reached 85%, leading all economic sectors by 2024.
Copyright (c) 2025 Saatova Lolakhon Ergashevna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital Word of Mouth, Destination Attractiveness, Brand Image, Accessibility Drive Tourist Intention
Tourist decision-making in competitive coastal destinations is increasingly shaped by digital exposure, experiential perceptions, and logistical convenience. This study investigates how electronic word of mouth (e-WOM), destination attractiveness, brand image, and accessibility influence tourist visiting intention at a major coastal destination in Indonesia. Using a quantitative ex post facto design, data were collected from 100 purposively selected respondents aged 18 years and above who had visited the destination at least twice and completed a validated Likert-scale survey. Multiple linear regression, supported by t-tests, F-tests, and adjusted R² analysis, reveals that e-WOM, destination attractiveness, brand image, and accessibility each exert a significant positive effect on tourist visiting intention. Collectively, these predictors explain approximately 76.6% of the variance in visiting intention, confirming that digital word of mouth, experiential quality, perceived brand reputation, and travel convenience function as integrated behavioral determinants rather than isolated stimuli. This study contributes empirical evidence to tourism behavior literature by demonstrating that destination competitiveness is strongly anchored in digital influence and multimodal experience rather than physical attraction alone. The findings indicate that enhancing the digital communication ecosystem, strengthening experiential attributes, improving brand positioning, and accelerating access infrastructure are strategic priorities for destination managers seeking to stimulate sustained tourist intention and market resilience. The study offers practical implications for tourism policy, destination marketing organizations, and stakeholders in designing targeted interventions that align with post-pandemic travel patterns and data-driven visitor expectations. Highlights • Digital word of mouth significantly strengthens tourist visiting intention. • Combined predictors explain 76.6% of visiting intention variance. • Brand image, attractiveness, and accessibility jointly sustain destination competitiveness. Keywords Electronic Word Of Mouth; Destination Attractiveness; Brand Image; Accessibility; Tourist Visiting Intention
Copyright (c) 2025 Angelica Putri, Ida Bagus Nyoman Udayana, Lusia Tria Hatmanti Hutami https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Human Resource Quality and Organizational Culture in Employee Performance Assessment
Background: Employee performance remains a central concern in Islamic banking institutions operating in increasingly competitive service environments. Specific background: At PT Bank Riau Kepri Syariah Batam Branch, variations in employee competencies and internal organizational practices have raised questions regarding performance assessment outcomes. Knowledge gap: Existing studies tend to address human resources and organizational culture in general terms, with limited attention to concrete internal conditions such as educational mismatch, uneven technical skills, and reward practices in Islamic financial institutions. Aims: This study examines employee performance assessment by focusing on human resource quality and organizational culture within the institutional context. Results: Quantitative analysis using census data from 50 employees shows that human resource quality is prominently reflected in performance assessment results, while organizational culture does not demonstrate standalone statistical relevance, although both variables jointly account for a substantial proportion of performance variation. Novelty: The study emphasizes specific internal conditions that are often overlooked in prior research. Implications: The findings provide empirical insight for managerial evaluation of competency alignment and internal work systems to support sustainable employee performance assessment. Highlights Human resource quality is clearly reflected in employee performance assessment outcomes. Educational mismatch and uneven technical skills remain key internal organizational conditions. Organizational culture contributes jointly with human resource quality within performance assessment. Keywords Human Resource Quality, Organizational Culture, Employee Performance, Islamic Banking, Performance Assessment
Copyright (c) 2025 Denayou Nabilla Rajabie, Desy Mardianti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Organic Interrelation Between Legal Requirements and Citizens’ Moral Responsibility in the Electoral Process
This study investigates the interdependent relationship between legal regulation and citizens' moral responsibility in electoral processes, addressing the critical challenge that formal electoral laws alone cannot guarantee democratic legitimacy without corresponding ethical engagement from the electorate. The research aims to theoretically and practically substantiate how legal requirements and moral consciousness function as mutually reinforcing mechanisms in ensuring free, fair, and transparent elections. Employing a comprehensive methodological framework, the study integrates comparative analysis of legal systems, structural-functional approaches to electoral institutions, content analysis of legislative documents and academic literature, and sociological observation of civic behavior patterns during electoral processes. The analysis reveals that while legal norms provide essential procedural frameworks—including voting freedom, equality principles, and transparency mechanisms—their effectiveness critically depends on citizens' internalization of ethical values such as integrity, civic duty, responsibility, fairness, and political awareness. The principal finding demonstrates that electoral violations including corruption, vote-selling, and manipulation primarily stem from insufficient moral responsibility rather than legislative deficiencies, even in contexts with advanced electoral codes and technological safeguards. The novelty of this research lies in its systematic integration of legal and socio-ethical dimensions within electoral analysis, challenging purely normative approaches by establishing electoral culture as a key socio-legal factor bridging formal regulation and civic ethics. The study's implications extend to democratic governance theory and electoral reform policy, recommending continuous electoral education systems, enhanced digital civic outreach, strengthened public oversight mechanisms, and youth engagement strategies to cultivate the moral consciousness necessary for sustainable democratic institutions Keywords : Electoral Legitimacy, Civic Morality, Legal-Ethical Complementarity, Democratic Governance, Political Culture Highlight : Legal norms require moral responsibility to prevent electoral violations like corruption and manipulation. Citizens' ethical awareness directly determines transparency, fairness, and legitimacy of democratic elections. Electoral culture integrating legal consciousness and civic duty strengthens public trust in institutions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dadajonova Feruza Abduaziz Qizi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluating a Local Economic Empowerment Grant: Growth in Cooperative Capital, Membership, and Net Surplus
General Background: Cooperatives play a strategic role in community-based economic development in Indonesia but often face constraints related to capital, human resources, and institutional sustainability. Specific Background: To address these challenges, the Kediri City Government implemented the PRODAMAS Plus Community Empowerment Program, providing grants to strengthen RW-level cooperatives, including the Kemiri Makmur Cooperative. Knowledge Gap: Despite the widespread implementation of grant-based empowerment programs, empirical evidence on their effectiveness in ensuring long-term cooperative sustainability at the grassroots level remains limited. Aims: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the PRODAMAS Plus economic grant in supporting the sustainability of the Kemiri Makmur Cooperative using Steers’ effectiveness framework. Results: The findings demonstrate that the grant significantly increased cooperative capital, assets, membership, and net surplus (SHU), enhanced service delivery, and enabled short-term business innovation, although sustainability was constrained by limited human resources, space, and leadership regeneration. Novelty: This study provides micro-level evidence of how localized fiscal empowerment influences cooperative performance across multiple effectiveness dimensions. Implications: The results suggest that grant programs should be complemented with continuous mentoring, capacity building, and institutional strengthening to ensure sustained community economic development. Highlights: Grant Impact: Substantial government grants significantly strengthened cooperative capital, assets, and net surplus. Institutional Capacity: Human resource limitations and leadership regeneration remain key challenges to sustainability. Policy Insight: Financial assistance must be integrated with continuous mentoring and capacity building to ensure long-term effectiveness. Keywords: PRODAMAS Plus, Cooperative Sustainability, Community Empowerment, Local Economic Development, Program Effectiveness
Copyright (c) 2025 Aurora Andi Tribuana, Bayu Priambodo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Endolymphatic Drug Delivery Improves Outcomes in Persistent Postoperative Peritonitis
Postoperative peritonitis remains a critical challenge in contemporary surgery, with persistent complications despite conventional antibiotic therapy leading to increased mortality and prolonged recovery periods. This study investigates the therapeutic efficacy of direct endolymphatic drug therapy (TTBET) in managing persistent postoperative peritonitis following acute appendicitis. The research examined 66 patients with appendicular peritonitis treated in Tashkent surgical clinics, divided into a main group receiving endolymphatic therapy via catheterized peripheral lymphatic vessels (n=36) and a control group receiving conventional treatment (n=30). Immunological parameters including T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM), and neutrophil phagocytic activity were measured at baseline and day 14 post-treatment using standardized biochemical and immunological assays. Results demonstrated statistically significant improvements in the endolymphatic therapy group, with T-lymphocyte counts increasing 1.41-fold compared to controls (p=0.0022), IgG levels rising 1.7-fold versus 1.49-fold in controls, and neutrophil phagocytic activity improving 1.68-fold versus negligible change in the control group. This study provides novel evidence that endolymphatic administration achieves superior drug concentration at inflammatory sites while simultaneously modulating immune responses through direct lymphatic system engagement. The findings suggest endolymphatic therapy represents a pathogenetically sound approach for managing persistent peritonitis, offering reduced antibiotic doses, enhanced immunological recovery, and improved clinical outcomes, warranting broader clinical implementation in surgical infection management protocols. Keywords : Endolymphatic Drug Administration, Postoperative Peritonitis Management, Lymphatic System Therapeutics, Immunomodulation Surgical Infections, Regional Antibiotic Delivery, Purulent-Septic Complications Highlight : Endolymphatic therapy significantly increases T-lymphocytes, immunoglobulins IgG/IgM, and neutrophil phagocytic activity Main group shows 1.41-fold T-lymphocyte increase versus minimal improvement in control group Treatment normalizes microcirculation and reduces postoperative complications in appendicular peritonitis patients.
Copyright (c) 2025 Usarov A.M., Ashurmetov A.M., Fayziyev Y.N. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Importance of Endolymphatic Administration of Drugs In The Treatment of Persistent Postoperative Peritoniti
Persistent postoperative peritonitis remains a major challenge in abdominal surgery due to high rates of septic complications, antimicrobial resistance, and insufficient drug concentrations at the site of inflammation, making optimization of regional drug delivery clinically relevant. This study aims to evaluate the clinical and immunological effectiveness of endolymphatic drug administration in the comprehensive treatment of appendicular peritonitis. A retrospective and comparative clinical study was conducted on 66 patients with appendicular peritonitis treated in surgical departments of Tashkent city clinics, divided into a main group receiving endolymphatic therapy and a control group managed with conventional treatment. Clinical severity scores, biochemical parameters, intoxication indices, and immunological markers were analyzed using non-parametric statistical methods. The results demonstrate that endolymphatic drug administration achieved higher local therapeutic concentrations, significantly improved lymphocyte subpopulations, enhanced humoral immunity indicators, reduced endogenous intoxication, and accelerated recovery compared with standard therapy. Unlike prior studies that focused primarily on systemic antibiotic regimens, this research provides empirical evidence on the immunomodulatory and detoxifying advantages of targeted endolymphatic therapy in postoperative peritonitis. These findings contribute to the theoretical understanding of lymphatic system involvement in inflammatory control and support practical and policy-oriented implications for integrating endolymphatic drug administration into surgical infection management protocols to reduce complications and improve patient outcomes. Keywords : Endolymphatic antibiotic therapy, appendicular peritonitis, immunomodulation, lymphatic drug delivery, surgical sepsis prevention, postoperative complications Highlight : Endolymphatic therapy increases total T-lymphocytes 1.41-fold and improves immunoglobulin levels significantly. Neutrophil phagocytic activity rises 1.68-fold in treated patients versus minimal improvement in controls. The intervention normalizes microcirculation and enhances lymph transport into bloodstream effectively.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ashurmetov A.M., Usarov A.M., Fayziyev Y.N. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Applications of nuclear physics in medical diagnostics: A comparative study between SPECT and PET
Nuclear physics has fundamentally transformed medical diagnostics through Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET), which provide functional and physiological information beyond conventional imaging modalities. This study conducts a comprehensive comparative analysis of SPECT and PET by examining their nuclear physics principles, technical instrumentation, image quality parameters, and clinical applications. Employing systematic literature review methodology, the research synthesizes peer-reviewed articles from major scientific databases published between 2015 and 2025. The analysis reveals that PET demonstrates superior spatial resolution (4-7 mm versus 8-12 mm), enhanced sensitivity (1-2% compared to 0.01-0.03%), and greater quantitative accuracy due to coincidence detection and higher photon energy (511 keV). Conversely, SPECT maintains advantages in cost-effectiveness, radiotracer accessibility through on-site synthesis, and longer half-lives suitable for extended protocols. This research integrates physical, instrumental, and patient-dependent factors influencing image quality while exploring emerging developments including hybrid imaging and artificial intelligence applications. The findings establish evidence-based criteria for modality selection, emphasizing the complementary nature of these techniques in advancing precision diagnostics across oncology, cardiology, and neurology. Keywords : Nuclear Medicine Imaging, SPECT Modality, PET Technology, Radiotracer Applications, Gamma Photon Detection, Medical Diagnostics Highlight : PET demonstrates superior spatial resolution (4-7 mm) and sensitivity (1-2%) compared to SPECT's performance metrics. Hybrid imaging systems combining PET-CT achieve widespread clinical acceptance, particularly enhancing oncology diagnostic capabilities. Collimator geometry primarily limits SPECT resolution (8-12 mm), while coincidence detection enables PET's improved quantitative accuracy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amani Shyaa Jebur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Quantitative Characterization of Liver Safety in Surgical Diseases and Postoperative Course
General Background: Accurate assessment of liver functional reserve remains critical in surgical practice, as hepatic dysfunction substantially elevates postoperative morbidity and mortality risks. Specific Background: Conventional biochemical markers (ALT, AST, bilirubin) predominantly reflect cytolysis and cholestasis but fail to evaluate hepatocellular energetic status or regenerative capacity. Knowledge Gap: Current diagnostic approaches lack objective quantitative indicators that directly measure mitochondrial function and viable hepatocyte populations in surgical patients. Aims: This study evaluated a novel prognostic coefficient based on the ratio of cytochrome C to TMPD oxidase mitochondrial activities for quantifying liver parenchymal preservation in patients with hepatobiliary surgical diseases. Results: Analysis of 24 patients demonstrated strong inverse correlation between coefficient values and viable hepatocyte percentages. Coefficients of 2.5-3.5 units indicated favorable prognosis, 5-7 units signaled elevated complication risk, while values ≥8 units predicted unfavorable outcomes, irrespective of standard biochemical parameters. Novelty: Unlike traditional markers, this coefficient directly reflects mitochondrial respiratory chain integrity and hepatocellular viability through objective biochemical measurements. Implications: The proposed coefficient serves as an integrated quantitative marker of hepatic functional reserve, enabling improved surgical risk stratification and outcome prediction in hepatobiliary surgery. Highlight : The cytochrome C to TMPD oxidase ratio correlates better with hepatocyte viability than standard biochemical markers in both experimental and clinical contexts. Coefficient values predict postoperative outcomes: 2.5-3.5 units indicate favorable prognosis, 5-7 units suggest complications, and ≥8 units correlate with mortality. Mitochondrial dysfunction demonstrates universal quantifiable patterns across different etiologies, showing consistent relationships between the coefficient and hepatocyte viability. Keywords :Liver Functional Reserve, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Cytochrome C Oxidase, Hepatocyte Viability, Postoperative Prognosis
Copyright (c) 2025 Akhmedov M. Dj, Askarov T.A, Fayziev Y.N., Ashurmetov A., Ismailov F. M. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Features of The Disease Management in the Appendical Infiltrate
General Background: Acute appendicitis represents the most prevalent acute abdominal pathology requiring surgical intervention. Specific Background: Appendicular infiltrate, occurring in 1-10% of acute appendicitis cases, poses diagnostic challenges that frequently result in inappropriate treatment selection and unjustified surgical procedures. Knowledge Gap: Despite its clinical significance, standardized diagnostic criteria and management protocols for appendicular infiltrate remain inadequately defined, particularly regarding intraoperative recognition and intervention decisions. Aims: This study analyzed diagnostic approaches and treatment outcomes in patients presenting with appendicular infiltrate to establish evidence-based management protocols. Results: Among 3,567 patients treated for acute appendicitis between 2020-2024, appendicular infiltrate was identified in 38 cases (1.1%). Delayed presentation constituted the primary etiological factor (75%), while atypical appendiceal positioning complicated diagnosis in 7.9% of cases. Conservative management achieved successful resolution in 78.9% of patients, whereas 21.1% required surgical intervention due to abscess formation. Intraoperative identification of infiltrate in six patients necessitated procedure termination with drainage placement; one attempted appendectomy resulted in postoperative complications. Novelty: This investigation establishes that immediate cessation of surgery upon intraoperative infiltrate recognition minimizes complications. Implications: These findings emphasize prioritizing conservative management and avoiding appendectomy when infiltrate is encountered operatively. Highlight : *]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" tabindex="-1" data-turn-id="request-WEB:cabfa523-1244-4440-9d14-5f6d6c2bd51d-6" data-testid="conversation-turn-2" data-scroll-anchor="true" data-turn="assistant"> Late patient presentation is the primary factor in the development of appendicular infiltrate. Diagnostic difficulties, including atypical appendix location, often lead to tactical errors. Conservative management is effective in most cases, while unjustified appendectomy increases postoperative complications. Keywords : Acute Appendicitis, Appendicular Infiltrate, Delayed Diagnosis, Conservative Treatment, Surgical Tactics
Copyright (c) 2025 Ismailov F.M., Dolim K.S, Askarov T.A https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Use of Artificial Intelligence Methods in Risk Assessment and Prediction of Preeclampsia
General Background: Preeclampsia is a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide, with early prediction remaining a critical challenge in obstetric care. Specific Background: Conventional diagnostic approaches based on clinical and isolated biochemical markers often identify the disorder at advanced stages and fail to capture its multifactorial pathophysiology. Knowledge Gap: There is limited integration of multidimensional clinical, biochemical, and Doppler data into robust predictive models capable of early and individualized risk assessment. Aims: This study aimed to develop and evaluate a machine learning–based model for early prediction of preeclampsia using comprehensive antenatal data. Results: In a retrospective cohort of 1,200 pregnant women, the Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model demonstrated superior performance, achieving an AUC of 0.94, sensitivity of 91%, specificity of 89%, and overall accuracy of 90%, outperforming random forest, support vector machine, and logistic regression models. Key predictors included mean arterial pressure, maternal age, uterine artery pulsatility index, placental growth factor, and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1. Novelty: The study integrates 35 heterogeneous parameters into an AI-driven framework, highlighting the strength of ensemble learning in capturing nonlinear risk patterns. Implications: AI-based predictive tools offer significant potential for early identification of high-risk pregnancies, enabling targeted preventive interventions and advancing precision obstetrics to reduce preeclampsia-related adverse outcomes. Highlight : *]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" tabindex="-1" data-turn-id="request-WEB:6df74ee3-ef5e-476b-9c12-8e8e895592f5-3" data-testid="conversation-turn-4" data-scroll-anchor="true" data-turn="assistant"> XGBoost showed high accuracy for early preeclampsia risk prediction. Combined clinical, biochemical, and Doppler data enabled early risk identification. Early prediction supports timely preventive obstetric interventions. Keywords : Preeclampsia, Pregnancy, Prediction, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning
Copyright (c) 2025 Nematova Marjona Zikrillaevna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Significant Micronutrient Imbalance Associated with Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia Infections in Children
General Background: Intestinal protozoal infections constitute a substantial public health burden in developing countries, contributing to considerable gastrointestinal morbidity among pediatric populations. Specific Background: Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia infections have been associated with malabsorption and subsequent micronutrient deficiencies in children. Knowledge Gap: Despite documented individual nutrient deficiencies, the concurrent effects of these protozoal infections on vitamin D, calcium, and vitamin C status remain inadequately characterized in Middle Eastern pediatric populations. Aims: This case-control study evaluated serum concentrations of vitamin D, calcium, and vitamin C among male children aged 1-10 years infected with E. histolytica, G. lamblia, and healthy controls in Thi-Qar Governorate, Iraq. Results: Infected children demonstrated significantly reduced micronutrient levels compared to controls (P < 0.001), with G. lamblia infection exhibiting the most pronounced deficiencies. Large effect sizes were observed for vitamin D (η² = 0.41), calcium (η² = 0.36), and vitamin C (η² = 0.52). Novelty: This investigation represents the first comprehensive assessment of multi-micronutrient deficiency patterns associated with these protozoal infections in Iraqi children. Implications: These findings underscore the necessity for integrated parasitological-nutritional interventions in clinical management protocols to optimize therapeutic outcomes and prevent long-term developmental consequences. Highlight : Children infected with Giardia lamblia showed the lowest serum vitamin D and calcium levels, indicating more severe malabsorption than Entamoeba histolytica infection. Intestinal protozoal infections were associated with concurrent deficiencies of vitamin D, calcium, and vitamin C, reflecting a multi-micronutrient depletion pattern rather than isolated deficits. Large effect sizes confirmed a strong association between protozoal diarrhea, reduced body mass index, and disturbed micronutrient homeostasis in affected children. Keywords : Intestinal protozoa, Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, micronutrient deficiency, pediatric malnutrition
Copyright (c) 2025 Layla S. Abu-Hadal, Noor M. Al-Humaidy, Dumooa F. Al-Hameedawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Serological Detection of Toxoplasmosis in Relation to marital status, Cats Contact and Abortion in Wasit province, Iraq
General Background: Toxoplasma gondii represents a globally distributed protozoan parasite capable of infecting warm-blooded animals, including humans, with particular concern for pregnant women due to risks of miscarriage and congenital malformations. Specific Background: While toxoplasmosis has been extensively investigated worldwide, limited epidemiological data exist regarding its prevalence and associated risk factors among women in Wasit Province, Iraq. Knowledge Gap: The relationship between T. gondii seropositivity and socio-demographic factors such as marital status, cat contact, and abortion history remains inadequately characterized in this region. Aims: This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of T. gondii antibodies (IgG and IgM) among women of reproductive age and examine associations with marital status, cat contact, and abortion history. Results: Among 300 women tested, 51% demonstrated seropositivity for T. gondii antibodies, with significantly higher rates observed in married women (54% vs. 30%, p=0.05) and those with abortion history (69% vs. 42%, p=0.05). Novelty: This study provides the first comprehensive assessment of toxoplasmosis seroprevalence and risk factors specifically among women in Wasit Province. Implications: These findings underscore the necessity for targeted public health interventions, including periodic screening of reproductive-age women, health education on food hygiene and cat interactions, and environmental preventive strategies to reduce T. gondii transmission. Highlight : The study found 51% seroprevalence of T. gondii antibodies among women in Wasit Province, Iraq, indicating a significant public health concern. Married women showed higher seropositivity (54%) than unmarried women (30%), linked to household exposure and contaminated food handling. Women with abortion history had elevated seroprevalence (69%), highlighting the need for routine toxoplasmosis screening in prenatal care. Keywords : Toxoplasma gondii, Seroprevalence, Reproductive Health, ELISA Diagnostic, Zoonotic Infection
Copyright (c) 2025 Zainab Abdalameer Kadhem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence Pattern of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli in Beef in Traditional Markets
Background: Antimicrobial resistance represents a growing global health concern, with foodborne bacteria acting as important reservoirs in the transmission pathway. Specific background: Escherichia coli capable of producing Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase has been frequently detected in animal-derived foods, particularly beef sold in traditional markets where sanitation practices are often inadequate. Knowledge gap: Despite numerous studies on livestock and slaughterhouses, evidence describing the prevalence pattern of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase producing Escherichia coli in beef at the traditional market level remains limited, especially in Surabaya. Aims: This study aimed to describe the prevalence pattern of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase producing Escherichia coli in beef sold in traditional markets. Results: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on fifty beef samples collected from multiple vendors. Identification using MacConkey agar and confirmation with the Double Disk Synergy Test showed that 29 samples (58%) were positive for Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase producing Escherichia coli, with variation across vendors. Novelty: This study provides direct phenotypic confirmation of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase producing Escherichia coli in beef from traditional market settings. Implications: The findings emphasize the need for routine microbiological monitoring and improved hygiene practices in traditional meat distribution to support food safety and public health protection. Highlights Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase producing Escherichia coli detected in more than half of beef samples Prevalence pattern varied among traditional market vendors Traditional market meat handling presents substantial food safety challenges Keywords Beef, Escherichia Coli, Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase, Traditional Markets, Antimicrobial Resistance
Copyright (c) 2025 Puput Ayu Novitasari, Kuntaman, Akhmad Sudibja, Jesyca Isabel Anggraini, Tri Anisa Istiqomah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Review Of Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Water by Complexation-Assisted Ultrafiltration
The escalating contamination of water resources by heavy metal ions poses critical environmental and public health challenges, necessitating efficient remediation technologies. This review examines the application of Complexation-Assisted Ultrafiltration (CP-UF), alternatively termed Polymer-Enhanced Ultrafiltration (PEUF), as an advanced membrane-based separation process for removing toxic heavy metals from aqueous solutions. The study systematically analyzes two distinct approaches: synthetic polymers including Polyethylene Glycol (PEG 5000) and Diethylaminoethyl-cellulose (DEAE-cellulose) for zinc and cadmium removal, and natural biopolymer Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for copper, nickel, and chromium elimination. Through comprehensive evaluation of experimental data from ultrafiltration membrane systems operated under varying conditions, the research demonstrates that DEAE-cellulose achieves exceptional rejection rates up to 99% for Zn(II) at pH 9.0 and 300 kPa pressure, while CMC exhibits superior performance exceeding 97% rejection for Cu(II), Ni(II), and Cr(III) at neutral to alkaline pH conditions. Critical operational parameters including solution pH, applied transmembrane pressure, membrane molecular weight cut-off, and polymer concentration significantly influence both permeate flux and metal ion retention efficiency. The novelty of this work lies in the comparative assessment of synthetic versus natural polymeric ligands, revealing that amino-functionalized DEAE-cellulose forms stable coordination complexes through nitrogen electron donation, whereas CMC utilizes carboxyl and hydroxyl groups for metal binding in pH-dependent octahedral or square planar configurations. Furthermore, the study establishes the economic and environmental feasibility of polymer regeneration through pH adjustment or chemical cleaning cycles, enabling multiple reuse iterations. These findings advance membrane separation theory by validating osmotic pressure models in complexation-ultrafiltration systems and provide practical implications for industrial wastewater treatment, particularly for low-concentration heavy metal effluents where conventional precipitation methods prove inadequate, thereby supporting sustainable water resource management and regulatory compliance in chemical engineering applications. Keywords : Filtration, Complexation-Ultrafiltration, Polymer-Enhanced Ultrafiltration (PEUF), Heavy Metal Removal, Water-Soluble Polymers Highlight : DEAE-cellulose mencapai rejeksi 99% untuk Zn(II) pada pH 9,0 dengan tekanan 300 kPa CMC menghasilkan rejeksi >97% untuk Cu(II), Ni(II), dan Cr(III) pada pH ≥7 Regenerasi polimer melalui penyesuaian pH memungkinkan penggunaan berulang dalam siklus pemisahan logam.
Copyright (c) 2025 Azeez Sakran Abed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Technology-Based Methods and Resources in Contemporary Language Learning
General Background: The integration of technology has fundamentally transformed language learning paradigms, particularly within ESL, ESP, and L2 contexts. Specific Background: Since the emergence of PLATO systems in the 1960s, technological evolution has progressively incorporated hardware, software, and internet-based solutions into language pedagogy. Knowledge Gap: Despite substantial technological advancement, critical issues persist regarding pedagogically appropriate application, adequate teacher preparation, and strategic tool selection aligned with specific linguistic competencies and learning objectives. Aims: This study examines the historical trajectory of technology in language learning, categorizes technological tools, and evaluates their pedagogical effectiveness across different language skills. Results: Findings reveal that hardware components (auditory and visual tools) and software categories (CAI, CALL, ICALL, WBLL, MALL) demonstrate distinct contributions to listening, speaking, reading, and vocabulary acquisition, with applications such as Duolingo, Babbel, and Rosetta Stone showing progressive development. Novelty: This research synthesizes historical, theoretical, and practical dimensions to analyze the interaction between technological innovation, linguistic theories, teaching standards, and emerging digital learning ecosystems. Implications: Effective technology integration necessitates evidence-based pedagogical approaches, explicit implementation frameworks, and comprehensive teacher training to ensure that digital tools enhance rather than merely supplement traditional language instruction. Highlight : div]:bg-bg-000/50 [&_pre>div]:border-0.5 [&_pre>div]:border-border-400 [&_.ignore-pre-bg>div]:bg-transparent [&_.standard-markdown_:is(p,blockquote,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6)]:pl-2 [&_.standard-markdown_:is(p,blockquote,ul,ol,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6)]:pr-8 [&_.progressive-markdown_:is(p,blockquote,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6)]:pl-2 [&_.progressive-markdown_:is(p,blockquote,ul,ol,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6)]:pr-8"> _*]:min-w-0 standard-markdown"> Technology has transformed language learning from PLATO systems in the 1960s to current mobile applications and virtual platforms. Technological tools divide into hardware (sound and visual tools) and software (CAI, CALL, ICALL, WBLL, MALL) for developing specific linguistic skills. Effective technology integration requires evidence-based pedagogy, systematic implementation, and adequate teacher training to support language instruction. Keywords : Technology in Language Learning, Computer-assisted Language Learning (CALL), Mobile-assisted Language Learning (MALL), Language Learning Applications, Digital Language Pedagogy
Copyright (c) 2025 Khamzakulova Shakhnoza Khudayar Kizi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of Sasak Folktale-Based Animated Audiovisuals to Improve Storytelling and Literacy Skills in Early Childhood
Early childhood literacy and storytelling skills are critical foundations for later academic achievement, yet many learning environments remain constrained by monotonous instructional practices and limited culturally responsive media. This study addresses this gap by examining the impact of animated folklore as an innovative learning medium for early childhood education. The aim of the research is to evaluate the effectiveness of folklore-based animated audiovisuals in improving literacy and storytelling skills among young children. The study employs a research and development approach using the ADDIE framework, involving expert validation and field implementation. Empirical data were collected from 65 kindergarten children aged 5–6 years across small-scale and large-scale trials, using observation instruments, questionnaires, and pretest–posttest assessments. Quantitative analysis included descriptive statistics, N-Gain scores, and paired-sample t-tests. The results demonstrate substantial improvements in both literacy and storytelling outcomes after exposure to the animated folklore intervention, with medium-to-high learning gains and statistically significant differences between pretest and posttest scores. The media achieved high validity and practicality ratings from experts, teachers, and learners, indicating strong instructional quality and classroom feasibility. The novelty of this study lies in its integration of culturally grounded animated folklore as a systematic pedagogical tool that simultaneously strengthens narrative competence and early literacy skills. The findings contribute to early childhood education theory by reinforcing the role of culturally responsive digital media in language development, while offering practical implications for educators and policymakers seeking scalable, engaging strategies to enhance foundational literacy and storytelling in early learning contexts. Highlights: Animated folklore significantly improves early childhood literacy and storytelling performance Culturally responsive animation increases learner engagement and narrative competence Digital storytelling media provides effective, scalable support for early childhood education Keywords: Early Childhood Literacy, Storytelling Skills, Animated Folklore, Culturally Responsive Learning, Audiovisual Education
Copyright (c) 2025 Azalia Rizkini Pratiwi, Fahruddin Fahruddin, Moh. Irawan Zain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Strategic Management Strengthens Sustainable Educational Tourism Schools and Student Environmental Entrepreneurship
Educational tourism programs embedded in schools are increasingly promoted to deliver experiential learning, yet many institutions struggle to sustain them amid limited resources, uneven stakeholder commitment, and weak strategic alignment. This study aims to explain how strategic management practices enable sustainable educational tourism schools while strengthening student character education and environmental entrepreneurship. Using a qualitative multiple-case design, data were collected in two junior high schools implementing educational tourism initiatives through semi-structured interviews with school leaders, teachers, students, parents, and program teams, complemented by onsite observations and document analysis. Thematic analysis indicates that program sustainability is achieved through a participatory strategic management cycle that integrates vision-driven planning, structured implementation with clear task allocation, and periodic evaluation used for continuous adjustment. Empirically, the programs improve students’ environmental literacy, creativity, responsibility, and entrepreneurial orientation through hands-on activities such as eco-farming, waste-to-resource practices, and student-managed production units. A key novelty of this study is its comparative, end-to-end mapping of strategic management processes across two educational tourism school models, demonstrating how adaptive evaluation and stakeholder collaboration jointly compensate for constraints in funding and human resources. The findings advance theory by linking strategic management cycles to experiential character learning outcomes, and they inform policy and practice by recommending stronger cross-sector partnerships, capacity development for teachers and students, and data-informed monitoring to institutionalize sustainable educational tourism in secondary education. Highlights: Participatory strategic management offsets resource constraints through multi-stakeholder collaboration. Continuous evaluation strengthens program sustainability and accelerates learning innovation. Educational tourism improves environmental literacy, creativity, and student entrepreneurship. Keywords: Strategic Management, Educational Tourism, Stakeholder Collaboration, Character Education, Environmental Entrepreneurship
Copyright (c) 2025 Indri Ribbut Aprilla, Amrozi Khamidi, Mohammad Syahidul Haq, Muhammad Sholeh , Kaniati Amalia , Rusijono Rusijono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Political Dynasties Undermine Democratic Governance and Constitutional Integrity in Indonesia
Political dynasties represent a systemic challenge to Indonesia’s constitutional democracy by consolidating hereditary power that contradicts the principles of meritocracy, equal political access, and institutional accountability. This research aims to analyze how political dynasties distort democratic governance and weaken constitutional mechanisms that safeguard state integrity. Using a library research method supported by systematic content analysis of academic literature, legal sources, and policy documents, the study finds that dynastic politics institutionalize oligarchic power structures, suppress competitive leadership regeneration, and increase risks of corruption, collusion, and nepotism. The findings demonstrate that dynastic networks interfere with the separation of powers, politicize public resource allocation, bias representative functions toward familial interests, and reduce institutional autonomy within the constitutional framework. Although dynasties may provide policy continuity in certain contexts, these advantages are conditional and outweighed by structural threats to legal integrity and public trust. The novelty of this study lies in extending the discussion from electoral and regional governance to the broader constitutional domain, characterizing dynastic politics as a constitutional disruption rather than merely a political phenomenon. The implications suggest the need for transparent political recruitment, regulatory restrictions on hereditary candidacy, enhanced oversight mechanisms, and civic education to reinforce democratic resilience. These measures are essential to prevent the normalization of hereditary power and to protect constitutional democracy in Indonesia from long-term institutional degradation. Highlights • Political dynasties weaken constitutional accountability and democratic governance • Hereditary power restricts leadership succession and public institutional autonomy • Oligarchic networks increase corruption risks and distort public representation Keywords Political Dynasties; Constitutional Democracy; Democratic Governance; Meritocracy; Oligarchic Power
Copyright (c) 2025 Aulia Putri Insani, Aldlyan Meilani, Nurul Iman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Democratic Deficit in the Governance of the Indonesian Capital City
Background: The relocation of Indonesia’s national capital to East Kalimantan has introduced a distinctive governance arrangement for the administration of the Indonesian Capital City. Specific background: This arrangement is implemented through the Indonesian Capital Authority, a ministerial-level institution directly accountable to the President and operating outside the conventional regional government system. Knowledge gap: Limited legal scholarship has examined how this governance model aligns with good governance principles and democratic constitutional norms. Aims: This study analyzes the governance of the Indonesian Capital City by examining the position and authority of the Indonesian Capital Authority within the framework of good governance. Results: The findings show that the concentration of extensive administrative powers in the absence of a local representative body generates accountability gaps, weak public participation, and limited checks and balances. Novelty: This research conceptualizes the democratic deficit in the governance of the Indonesian Capital City through an administrative law and constitutional perspective. Implications: The study highlights the need for regulatory restructuring and oversight mechanisms to ensure transparent, accountable, and democratically grounded governance. Highlights The governance of the Indonesian Capital City is characterized by centralized authority. The absence of local representative institutions reflects a democratic deficit. Good governance principles are not fully reflected in the current governance structure. Keywords Indonesian Capital Authority, Good Governance, Democratic Deficit, Capital City Governance, Constitutional Administration
Copyright (c) 2025 Rena Puspita Dewi Purba, Mayang Rabbani, Firli Novansyah Putra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Efficiency of Village Regulations in Indonesia
Background: Village regulations constitute a fundamental legal instrument in Indonesia’s regional autonomy framework, positioning villages as the lowest yet autonomous level of governance. Specific background: The enactment of Law Number 6 of 2014 on Villages provides a legal basis for villages to formulate regulations reflecting community aspirations, democratic values, and local wisdom. Knowledge gap: Despite this framework, the efficiency of village regulations remains constrained by regulatory inconsistency, political dynamics, and limited institutional capacity at the village level. Aims: This study examines the efficiency of village regulations through the construction of legal politics based on philosophical, juridical, and sociological foundations. Results: The findings indicate that regulatory alignment across levels of government and village institutional capacity play a central role in shaping regulatory efficiency. Novelty: This research positions village regulation efficiency as a product of legal–political construction rather than administrative compliance. Implications: Strengthening participatory mechanisms and harmonizing legal frameworks are essential to support efficient village governance and sustainable local development in Indonesia. Highlights Village regulations operate within legal and political constraints. Regulatory alignment supports efficient village governance. Institutional capacity shapes regulatory implementation at village level. Keywords Village Regulations, Legal Politics, Regional Autonomy, Local Governance, Participatory Governance
Copyright (c) 2025 Firda Nur Hizrah, Viona Adira Kosuma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0